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Social Media Integration: Stay Connected AnywhereNathanStoltzfus/thesis<|file_sep|>/Chapters/Chapter_5.tex
chapter{Results}label{chapter:results}
lhead{Chapter ref{chapter:results}. emph{Results}}
%The results presented in this chapter are all based on data collected from both subjects while performing several types of tasks over multiple sessions (see Section~ref{sec:tasks}). The collected data was analyzed using methods described in Section~ref{sec:data_analysis}.
In this chapter we present results from an experiment where subjects performed several tasks (see Section~ref{sec:tasks}) while wearing an EEG headset (see Section~ref{sec:eeg}) along with a set of inertial sensors (see Section~ref{sec:imu}). We analyzed data collected from both subjects using methods described in Section~ref{sec:data_analysis}. This section is structured as follows: Section~ref{sec:task_results} presents results from analysis of data collected during task performance; Section~ref{sec:classification} presents results from classification experiments using SVMs; finally Section~ref{sec:future_work} discusses future work based on these results.
section{Task Results}label{sec:task_results}
In this section we present results from analyzing data collected during task performance (see Section~ref{sec:tasks}) along with comparisons between subjects.
%Each task was performed over three sessions by each subject so there are six total datasets per task. In this section we present some sample results along with an example classification problem.
%First we take a look at how P300 amplitude varies as function of time during an oddball task. Figure~ref{fig:p300_amplitude} shows P300 amplitude averaged over trials for two subjects performing an oddball task where they were asked to respond to low frequency tones by pressing a button on their controller. Each trial began with presentation of a high frequency tone followed by presentation of either high or low frequency tones every second for twenty seconds. The subject was instructed to respond as quickly as possible when they heard low frequency tones while ignoring high frequency tones. To calculate P300 amplitude we first extracted epochs around stimuli onset (see Section~ref{sec:data_analysis}) then used CSP (see Section~ref{sec:csp}) followed by PCA (see Section~ref{sec:pca}) to reduce dimensionality before calculating average amplitude over electrodes for each trial.
%begin{figure}
%centering
%includegraphics[width=textwidth]{P300_Amplitude.png}
%caption[P300 Amplitude]{P300 amplitude averaged over trials for two subjects performing an oddball task where they were asked to respond to low frequency tones by pressing a button on their controller.}
%label{fig:p300_amplitude}
%end{figure}
%Figure~ref{fig:p300_amplitude} shows how P300 amplitude increases over time after stimulus onset for both subjects but decreases after about five seconds into each trial. The decrease in P300 amplitude could be caused by habituation since this is not uncommon when performing oddball tasks cite{jensen1990habituation}.
Figure~ref{fig:samples} shows sample EEG data collected while one subject was performing an oddball task where they were asked to respond to low frequency tones by pressing a button on their controller. Each trial began with presentation of a high frequency tone followed by presentation of either high or low frequency tones every second for twenty seconds. The subject was instructed to respond as quickly as possible when they heard low frequency tones while ignoring high frequency tones.
%
To calculate P300 amplitude we first extracted epochs around stimuli onset (see Section~ref{sec:data_analysis}) then used CSP (see Section~ref{sec:csp}) followed by PCA (see Section~ref{sec:pca}) to reduce dimensionality before calculating average amplitude over electrodes for each trial.
%
As shown in Figure~ref{fig:samples}, P300 amplitude increases over time after stimulus onset but decreases after about five seconds into each trial.
%
The decrease in P300 amplitude could be caused by habituation since this is not uncommon when performing oddball tasks cite{jensen1990habituation}.
%
Next we take a look at how movement speed varies as function of time during movement tasks.
%
Figure~ref{fig:movement_speed} shows movement speed averaged over trials for two subjects performing movement tasks where they were asked move their hands or feet as quickly as possible in one direction then stop before moving back in the opposite direction.
%
Each trial began with presentation of either an auditory or visual cue followed by thirty seconds where subjects were free to move their hands or feet until another cue told them stop moving.
%
We extracted epochs around movement onset (see Section~ref{sec:data_analysis}) then calculated average speed over all sensors at each time step before averaging across trials.
%This was done separately for left hand movements, right hand movements, left foot movements, right foot movements along with no movement conditions where they were instructed not move their hands or feet.
%
%As shown in Figure~ref{fig:movement_speed}, movement speed increases after movement onset then decreases when subjects are instructed to stop moving.
%Next we take a look at how EEG power spectrum varies as function of time during motor imagery tasks.
%
%Figure~ref{} shows power spectrum averaged over trials for two subjects performing motor imagery tasks where they were asked move their hands or feet as quickly as possible in one direction then stop before moving back in the opposite direction without actually moving.
%
%Each trial began with presentation of either an auditory or visual cue followed by thirty seconds where subjects were free to imagine moving their hands or feet until another cue told them stop imagining movement.
%
%We extracted epochs around movement onset (see Section~ref{}) then used CSP (see Section~ref{}) followed by PCA (see Section~ref{}) to reduce dimensionality before calculating power spectrum over electrodes for each trial.
As shown in Figure~ref{fig:movement_speed}, movement speed increases after movement onset then decreases when subjects are instructed to stop moving.
Next we take a look at how EEG power spectrum varies as function of time during motor imagery tasks.
Figure~ref{} shows power spectrum averaged over trials for two subjects performing motor imagery tasks where they were asked move their hands or feet as quickly as possible in one direction then stop before moving back in the opposite direction without actually moving.
Each trial began with presentation of either an auditory or visual cue followed by thirty seconds where subjects were free to imagine moving their hands or feet until another cue told them stop imagining movement.
We extracted epochs around movement onset (see Section) then used CSP (see Section) followed by PCA (see Section) to reduce dimensionality before calculating power spectrum over electrodes for each trial.
%In addition we compared P300 amplitude between conditions when performing oddball tasks along with comparing movement speed between conditions when performing movement tasks.
%
%For oddball tasks we compared P300 amplitude between high frequency tones which should elicit lower amplitudes than low frequency tones which should elicit higher amplitudes due to increased attention required cite{kramer1999attention}.
%
%For movement tasks we compared average speed between conditions when imagining movements versus actual movements since actual movements should result in higher speeds than imagined movements due to physical limitations cite{kawato1998motor}.
%
%To do these comparisons we used Wilcoxon signed rank tests which are non-parametric tests that do not assume any specific distribution cite{sokal1989biometry}.
%
Finally we compared P300 amplitude between conditions when performing oddball tasks along with comparing movement speed between conditions when performing movement tasks.
For oddball tasks we compared P300 amplitude between high frequency tones which should elicit lower amplitudes than low frequency tones which should elicit higher amplitudes due to increased attention required cite{kramer1999attention}.
For movement tasks we compared average speed between conditions when imagining movements versus actual movements since actual movements should result in higher speeds than imagined movements due to physical limitations cite{kawato1998motor}.
To do these comparisons we used Wilcoxon signed rank tests which are non-parametric tests that do not assume any specific distribution cite{sokal1989biometry}.
We performed these comparisons separately for both subjects since there could be differences between them due differences in physiology or other factors.
Figure~ref{} shows results from comparing P300 amplitude between high frequency tones versus low frequency tones while performing oddball tasks for both subjects separately.
As expected there is a statistically significant difference ($p<0.05$) between conditions for both subjects.
This indicates that our experimental setup was successful at eliciting different levels of attention during different conditions resulting in different levels of P300 response.
Figure~ref{} shows results from comparing average speed between imagined versus actual hand movements while performing movement tasks for both subjects separately.
As expected there is a statistically significant difference ($p<0.05$) between conditions for both subjects except subject two who did not perform well enough on these conditions for us to be able detect any differences using our statistical tests.
This indicates that our experimental setup was successful at eliciting different levels of motor activity during different conditions resulting in different levels of physical activity.
In addition we looked at differences between subjects while they performed these same tasks.
We again used Wilcoxon signed rank tests but instead compared both subjects together across all conditions.
Figure~ref{} shows results from comparing P300 amplitude between high frequency tones versus low frequency tones while performing oddball tasks across both subjects together.
There is no statistically significant difference ($p<0.05$) between subjects which indicates that both subjects had similar levels of attention required during different conditions resulting in similar levels of P300 response.
Figure~ref{} shows results from comparing average speed between imagined versus actual hand movements while performing movement tasks across both subjects together.
There is no statistically significant difference ($p<0.05$) between subjects which indicates that both subjects had similar levels of motor activity during different conditions resulting in similar levels of physical activity.
Overall these results show that our experimental setup was successful at eliciting different levels of cognitive activity during different conditions resulting in different levels EEG signals which could potentially be useful for classification purposes.
%%Figure ~ref{} shows sample EEG data collected while one subject was performing an oddball task where they were asked respond to low frequency tones by pressing a button on their controller.
%%Each trial began with presentation of a high frequency tone followed by presentation of either high or low frequency tones every second for twenty seconds.
%%The subject was instructed respond as quickly as possible when they heard low frequency tones while ignoring high frequency tones.
%%To calculate P300 amplitude we first extracted epochs around stimuli onset (see Section ~ref{}) then used CSP (see Section ~ref{}) followed by PCA (see Section ~ref{})to reduce dimensionality before calculating average amplitude over electrodes for each trial.
%%Figure ~label{} shows how P300 amplitude increases over time after stimulus onset but decreases after about five seconds into each trial.
%%The decrease in P300 amplitude could be caused by habituation since this is not uncommon when performing oddball tasks cite{jensen1990habituation}.
%%First we take a look at how P300 amplitude varies as function time during an oddball task.
%%Figure ~() shows sample EEG data collected while one subject was performing an oddball task where they were asked respond to low frequency tones by pressing button on their controller.
%%Each trial began with presentation high frequency tone followed by presentation either high or low frequency tone every second twenty second.
%%The subject was instructed respond quickly possible when heard low frequency tone while ignoring high frequency tone.
%%To calculate P300 amplitude first extract epochs around stimuli onset () then use CSP () followed PCA () reduce dimensionality before calculating average amplitude electrode each trial.
%%Figure ~() shows how P300 increase time after stimulus onset but decrease about five second into each trial.
%%Decrease P300 could caused habituation since not uncommon perform oddball task cite{}.
%%Next take look how movement speed vary function time during movement task.
%%Figure ~() show sample data collected one subject perform hand movement task where asked move hand quickly possible one direction stop before moving back opposite direction.
%%Each begin presentation auditory visual cue followed thirty second subject free move hand until another cue tell stop moving.
%%To calculate average speed first extract epochs around movement onset () then calculate average speed sensor each time step before averaging across trials.
%%As show Figure ~(), average speed increase after movement onset decrease when told stop moving.
%%Finally compare P300 amplitude condition perform oddball task along compare average speed condition perform hand movement task.
%%For oddball task compare P300 amplitude high frequency tone should elicit lower amplitudes low frequency tone should elicit higher amplitudes increased attention required ().
%%For hand movement task compare average speed condition imagine move versus actual move since actual move result higher speeds imagined move physical limitation ().
%%Do these comparisons use Wilcoxon signed rank test non-parametric test do not assume specific distribution ().
%%Figure ~() show result compare P300 amplitude high versus low tone perform odoball task separate subject.
%%Expected statistically significant difference () condition separate subject indicate experimental setup successful elicit different level attention differ condition result different level p30 response.
%%Figure ~() show result compare average speed imagine versus actual hand move perform hand movement task separate subject.
%%Expected statistically significant difference () condition separate subject except subject did not perform well enough condition detect any difference statistical test indicate experimental setup successful elicit different level motor activity differ condition result different level physical activity.
%%In addition look difference separate subject perform same task.
%%Again use Wilcoxon signed rank test instead compare both subject together all condition.
%%Figure ~() show result compare p30 amplitude high versus low tone perform odoball task together subject.
%%No
